The article examines the problems and trends in the development of modern theoretical sociology from the standpoint of three dominant aspects, namely analysis of the contradictions of modern capitalism, digitalization of society, globalization and localization processes. The tendency to identify the contradictions of modern capitalism enables to restrain and correct the negative development trends of Russia and the countries of the Global South. The analysis of society digitalization focuses on the social consequences of the introduction of digital version of modern capitalism in Russia and the world. Understanding the phenomena of globalization and localization fits into the logic of the expansion of the Global North countries, which is facing with growing resistance from the Global South countries. Sociology is either called upon to serve the interests of the Global North countries, which corresponds to the classical concept of science, or to focus on new players on the world stage represented by the countries of the Global South, which entails a postcolonial sociological discourse that combines successfully with the principles of post-non-classical science. The basis for the sovereignty of Russia is a civilizational analysis based on the ideas of Eurasianism, the theory of multiple modernities, the idea of the Russian world, and the sovereignty of Russian science.