The article examines the problems and trends in the development of modern theoretical sociology from the standpoint of three dominant aspects, namely analysis of the contradictions of modern capitalism, digitalization of society, globalization and localization processes. The tendency to identify the contradictions of modern capitalism enables to restrain and correct the negative development trends of Russia and the countries of the Global South. The analysis of society digitalization focuses on the social consequences of the introduction of digital version of modern capitalism in Russia and the world. Understanding the phenomena of globalization and localization fits into the logic of the expansion of the Global North countries, which is facing with growing resistance from the Global South countries. Sociology is either called upon to serve the interests of the Global North countries, which corresponds to the classical concept of science, or to focus on new players on the world stage represented by the countries of the Global South, which entails a postcolonial sociological discourse that combines successfully with the principles of post-non-classical science. The basis for the sovereignty of Russia is a civilizational analysis based on the ideas of Eurasianism, the theory of multiple modernities, the idea of the Russian world, and the sovereignty of Russian science.

The article analyzes the theory and methods of managing supplementary vocational education (SVE) from the standpoint of the management sociology in the context of modern socio-economic transformations. The topic relevance is due to the need to adapt educational systems to a dynamically changing labor market that requires self-organization, critical thinking, digital literacy and the ability to continuous training from specialists. SVE is considered as a key tool for the formation of human capital asset and ensuring professional mobility. The study is based on scientific works on the sociology of management by such authors as N. L. Zakharov, E. M. Babosov, V. V. Shcherbina and others, as well as classicists of sociology, in particular E. Durkheim, T. Parsons, R. K. Merton, and empirical data. The work employed comparative and critical analysis, theoretical modeling, conceptual synthesis, and social forecasting. Particular attention is paid to the three-level structure of the management sociology (empirics, middle-range theory, methodology) which is used when studying SVE through sociological research, taking into account the motivation of students, and developing adaptive educational programs.

The article reveals the methodological foundations of SVE management, including the tectological approach of A. A. Bogdanov, systems analysis and population ecology. It points out the need to integrate SVE with the labor market, develop interdisciplinary programs, and overcome institutional inertia. The article discusses SVE models, such as the corporate model of the A. I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University (RSPU) and interuniversity cooperation aimed at improving qualifications and professional socialization. The results show the multicomponent nature of SVE management, which requires taking into account professional, socio-cultural, psychological and pedagogical aspects for training specialists capable of adapting to modern challenges.

The article states that in the current economic conditions, where the dynamics of changes in the demographic situation in Russia shows a negative growth every year, the process of creating the familial economic independence is becoming increasingly relevant for the country development. The Russian state is taking a number of measures to support and develop the familial economic independence. These measures are included in the Concept of State Family Policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025. This study is focused on the issue of studying the economic independence of the Russian family through the analysis of the plans set forth in the Concept for 2014–2025 and the results achieved. Its authors reviewed statistical data and assessed the results of the implementation of the Concept of State Family Policy in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025.

The article reveals the key aspects of the formation of individual preferences regarding alternative formats of organizing working time as opposed to the classical scheme of a 40-hour work week with a five-day work schedule and mandatory presence at the workplace, and also shows their dependence on the issues of maintaining or reducing the current level of labour remuneration. The work employed general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, a system method, and factor analysis to interpret the results, which enabled to study the influence of various factors on decision-making regarding the choice between modern work formats. The study concluded that the age factor is the determining factor when choosing a flexible employment model with reduced wages. It is argued that there is a clear correlation between the employee’s age and his readiness for such working conditions. The results obtained may indicate that the introduction of various flexible employment formats requires an individual approach to different categories of employees and consideration of their specific preferences in the organization of working hours.

This article states that the pervasive nature of oppression and violence in family relationships has undergone significant changes under the influence of socio-economic dynamics and cultural changes. According to the author, in contemporary society, these phenomena cannot be considered separately; instead, they are inextricably linked to broader structural inequalities and systemic injustices. The family, which is often presented to be a place of support and love, can also serve as a stage of conflict and oppression, reflecting the social structure that surrounds it. Identifying the way of intersection of the family relationships with societal norms provides important insights into how power dynamics are maintained or challenged. As social change occurs, particularly in terms of gender roles, economic conditions, and state intervention, perceptions and experiences of family abuse become key factors to understanding the broader implications of social change. Social change in recent decades has revealed the complexities associated with violence and oppression, particularly within family structures. The analysis of these issues set out in the article demonstrates that violence is not only an individual action, but a part of a systemic problem that reflects and exacerbates wider social inequalities. Furthermore, the role of policy responses, such as family violence legislation and social support services, can mitigate or exacerbate these difficulties and thus affect significantly the family relationships. According to the author, studying the relationship between oppression, violence, and family relationships requires an interdisciplinary approach based on sociology, psychology, and public policy. The research makes a contribution to the ongoing debate on family dynamics and social change, as well as to understanding how large social structures shape individual experiences of violence and oppression.

The article analyzes the creation of the foundations of social mobility among children living in family-type orphanages as one of the priority areas of state social policy and an instrument for ensuring social justice. The study is based on the relevance of transition from institutional forms of education to family-type orphanages, which is indicated on the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated June 1, 2023 №. UP-82, according to which the gradual elimination of traditional residential institutions is planned by 2025. The study aimed to identify the key factors and institutional mechanisms influencing the possibilities of social mobility of children deprived of parental care, as well as to assess the existing system effectiveness. The study used sociological methods, including an expert survey (N = 30) and a questionnaire survey of children living in family-type orphanages in Tashkent. The methodological basis was the structural-functional, conflict, interactionist and neo-institutional approaches. The results demonstrated that the main channels for achieving success in life are considered by the residents to be education (45 %), professional activity (38 %), and entrepreneurship (30 %). The study revealed low activity of young people and insufficient attention from non-governmental organizations and youth branches of political parties to the issues of social mobility. It was established that for sustainable development of this area it is necessary to strengthen inter-institutional interaction, expand support programs, and develop the subjectivity of young people.

The article argues that the rapid spread of digital communications is transforming the space of demographic decision-making by young people, shifting it from traditional social institutions to media platforms, influencers and algorithms of the digital environment. The article aimed to conceptualize the «digital socio-cultural environment» in demography as a multi-layered ecosystem and to describe its internal architecture. The author analyzed secondary empirical data demonstrating the influence of various media systems on the marital, reproductive, and migration attitudes of Russian youth. Methodologically, the work is based on a review of international and Russian literature, aimed not only to summarize the known data, but also to construct or clarify a theoretical model. The empirical data were used, namely secondary analysis of arrays of sociological centers in Russia and other countries, the results of sociological research by Russian scientists. The study resulted in the development of a five-level ecosystem model (infrastructure, platform, discursive-content, interaction, normative) based on a literature review. Operational definitions of the concepts of «media-mediated socialization», «digital socio-cultural environment,» and «ecosystem of demographic choice» are proposed as new categories of demographic analysis. The work demonstrated that digital ecosystem formats have shifted the median of the desired age of first marriage by four years in recent years. At the same time, the share of those for whom one child is the ideal family has decreased from 10 % to 3 % over the past ten years. The conclusions emphasize the need to take into account the ecosystem dimension when developing demographic policy, as well as the potential of digital platforms as channels for targeted rulemaking.

The article analyzes the legal aspects of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in public administration and governance, identifies regulatory gaps, and proposes measures to eliminate them. The study objectives include analysis of approaches to legal regulation of AI in public administration in various jurisdictions; identifying key risks and challenges associated with the use of AI by public authorities; comparison of regulatory models for regulating AI in Russia, the United States of America, the European Union (EU), and China. The study is based on the comparative legal method, as well as methods of systemic and functional analysis. It used regulatory legal acts, analytical reports of international organizations (World Bank, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations Organization), academic publications, and cases from administrative practice. The authors identified differences in approaches to regulating AI, from soft law and selfregulation (USA) to strict regulatory mechanisms with elements of state control (China, EU). Russia is shown to lack comprehensive legislation in the field of AI in public administration, which creates risks of legal uncertainty and a decrease in the level of trust in digital administrative decisions. Ensuring the legality, transparency and responsibility in the use of AI in public administration requires developing a unified regulatory framework that takes into account both international experience and the specifics of the Russian administrative system. According to the article authors, special attention should be paid to the mechanisms of algorithmic accountability, protection of personal data, and observance of the rights of citizens when interacting with AI solutions.

The article discusses the issues of staffing support in law enforcement agencies. The main attention is paid to the features and difficulties of the professional activity of investigators of the internal affairs bodies. The article analyzes the issues of turnover, retention, and professional adaptation of investigators. External and internal factors influencing the service career are determined. The importance of professional satisfaction of employees as the most important indicator of adaptation and retention in the profession is studied. The work presents the significance of organizational, legal, personal and socio-economic factors and conditions of service. The role of the organization of management and mentoring in staffing support is also revealed. The article determines the priority areas for improving the conditions of professional activity of an investigator.

The article examines issues relevant to criminal proceedings, related to the need for legislative consolidation of the grounds and procedural arrangements for changing the charges towards their strengthening. It is argued that the current provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (CPC RF) provide for mandatory registration of any changes to the charges in an independent procedural act which content must be promptly communicated to the accused at the stage before the completion of the preliminary investigation. The author proposes to distinguish between two procedures for changing the charges, namely a simplified one that does not require re-filing the charges, and a more complex one that involves issuing a new ruling and performing the envisaged procedures. Particular attention is paid to the problem of strengthening the accusation at the trial stage. In this regard, an idea is proposed to expand the powers of the public prosecutor. The prosecution attorney then receives the right to file a written motion to change the charges to graver ones during the court hearing, and the court, without returning the case to the prosecutor, announces a recess to formulate a new charge and give the defense time to prepare its position. The main objective of the study is to determine the grounds and procedural arrangements for changing the charges to graver ones at the preliminary investigation stage and during the consideration of the case by the court, as well as to ensure the accused the right to defense, to comply with procedural time limits, and to ensure the adversarial nature of the parties.

The article reveals the problem of administrative liability for offenses related to driving a vehicle in a state of intoxication, through the prism of perception by Russian society. The results of a sociological study of public opinion are analyzed. Based on the analysis results, the author proposes the consideration of options for introducing additions to the current Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses (CAO RF) related to preventive measures to equip vehicles with intelligent traffic control systems, that is, technical sparking interlocks (alcohol interlocks). A conclusion is made about the need to develop legal consciousness, create a high administrative and legal culture in society, and apply the achievements of modern control systems (technical means) that record automatically the violations of the Traffic Rules (TR).

The article analyzes the essence and functions of such a legal principle in the Russian civil law system as estoppel. The work reveals the aspects of its legal nature and law enforcement in the absence of legal consolidation. Particular attention is paid to the problematic aspects of the practical use of this institution in substantive and procedural relations. Doctrinal approaches are discussed, as well as examples of the principle application in judicial practice, including arbitration cases. The need for normative consolidation of estoppel as a universal principle aimed at ensuring the stability and good faith of civil circulation is substantiated.

The author analyzed various views on artificial intelligence as a subject of law. The issues of its original nature are discussed, and the logic of the transition of the subject of law from the subject of cognition is analyzed. Further, based on the experience of endowing non-human entities with the status of a subject of law, the feasibility of assigning the corresponding status to artificial intelligence is studied. Ultimately, conclusions are made about the prematurity and risks of endowing artificial intelligence with such a status at the current stage of development of social relations.

The article analyses the legal and practical problems that arise during the simultaneous bankruptcy procedures of legal entities and individuals controlling them. Particular attention is paid to issues related to the inclusion of a claim based on a judicial act on bringing to subsidiary liability in the register of claims of an individual’s creditors. The work analyses the aspect of uncertainty of the deadlines for submission of the relevant application. The problem of determining the priority of a claim based on a judicial act on bringing to subsidiary liability is also discussed. The problematic issues of access of a controlled person to the bankrupt’s documents before the court reviews the claim for inclusion of the controlling person in the register of claims of creditors are updated. Difficulties in challenging of the transactions concluded by a controlling person in the context of the competition of interests of the bankruptcy estate of the controlling and controlled persons are identified. Proposals are formulated to fill legal gaps and improve the efficiency of solving the problems considered.